Direct and Indirect Narration

Direct and Indirect Narration:–

वक्ता के कथन को व्यक्त करने की सामान्यतः दो विधियों प्रचलित है-

1. Direct Speech:- "We may quote his actual words. This is called Direct Speech." -P. C. Wren

जब वक्ता के कथन को ज्यों का त्यों ठीक उसी के शब्दों में व्यक्त किया जाता है, तो उसे Direct Speech कहते हैं। इस प्रकार की Speech को Inverted Commas के अन्दर रखा जाता है।

जैसे- Ram said, "I am very busy now"

2. Indirect Speech:- "We may report what he said without quoting his exact words. This is called Indirect Speech" -P. C. Wren

किसी बत्ता के कथन को अपने ढंग से बदलकर कहने की विधा को ही Indirect Speech कहते हैं;

जैसे- Ram said that he was very busy then

इस कथन में निम्नलिखित परिवर्तन किया गया है-

1. Inverted Commas को हटाकर Ram said तथा I am very busy now. को that द्वारा जोड़ा गया है।

2. Pronoun I को he में बदल दिया गया है अर्थात् Person में परिवर्तन हुआ है।

3. क्रिया am को Present से बदलकर was (past) कर दिया गया है।

4. क्रिया विशेषण (Adverb) now को then में बदल दिया गया है।

इन परिवर्तनों के पीछे कुछ नियम हैं जिनका ज्ञान अत्यन्त अपेक्षित है। इन नियमों को समझने से पूर्व यह भी जान लेना आवश्यक है कि Direct Speech के दो भाग होते हैं-

1. Reporting Verb:– Inverted Commas के बाहर के भाग Ram said, को Reporting Verb कहते हैं।

2. Reported Speech:- Direct Speech में Inverted Commas के अन्दर के भाग को Reported Speech कहते हैं,

जैसे-"I am very busy nor."

Direct से Indirect Speech में बदलने के सामान्य नियम:–

(GENERAL RULES)

Direct से Indirect Speech में बदलने के सामान्यतः तीन बिन्दु होते हैं जो सभी प्रकार के कक्यों पर लागू होते हैं---

• Change of Tense

• Change of Person

• Change of other Parts of speech

CHANGE OF TENSE:–

यदि Reporting Verb, Past Tense में हो तो Direct Speech के Present Tenses अपने Corresponding Past tense बदल जाते है।

1.Simple Present Tense का Simple Past Tense - हो जाता है —

(Prent Indefinite Tense into Past Indefinite Tense)

Example:

Direct: Ram said, I am unwell."

Indirect: Ram said that he was unwell.

2. Prent imperfect Tense (Continuous) का Past Imperfect Tense हो जाता है:—

Example:

Direct : Ram said, "I am going to school."

Indirect: Ram said that he was going to school.

3. Present Perfect Tense का Past Perfect Tense हो जाता है-

Example:

Direct: He said, I have completed the work."

Indirect: He said that he had completed the work

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense का Past Perfect Continuous Tense हो जाता है-

Example:

Direct: He said. I have been playing since morning"

Indirect: He said that he had been playing since morning.

5 . Past Indefinite Tense का Past Perfect Tense हो जाता है-

Example:

Direct: He said. The horse died."

Indirect: He said that the horse had died.

6. Past Continuous Tense का Past Perfect Continuous Tense हो जाता है -

Example:

Direct : He said, "Boys were playing in the morning."

Indirect: He said that boys had been playing in the morning.

विशेष-

• Past Perfect Tense तथा Past Perfect Continuous Tense के verb में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता है।

● Will को would, shall को should, can को could तथा may को might मे बदल दिया जाता है।

नियम के कुछ अपवाद:–

1. सदा सत्य रहने वाली बात (Universal Truth) के Verb में परिवर्तन नहीं होता है-

Examples:

(i) Direct: The teacher said, "The earth moves round the sun."

Indirect: The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.

(2) Direct: Ram said, "The sun rises in the east."

Indirect: Ram said that the sun rises in the east

2. आदत सम्बन्धी तथ्य (Habitual Facts) के Verb नहीं बदलते-

Example:

Direct: His father said, "I get up early in the morning daily."

Indirect: His father said that he gets up early in the morning daily.

3. मुहावरे (Proverbs) जिनमें universal truth का बोध हो, का Verb नहीं बदलता—

Examples:

(i) Direct: He reminded, "A bad carpenter quarrels with his tools."

Indirect: He reminded that a bad carpenter quarrels with his tools.

(ii) Direct Mohan said, "When the cat is away, the mice play."

Indirect: Mohan said that when the cat is away, the mice play.

4. ऐतिहासिक तथ्य (Historical Pacts) वाले वाक्यों के Verb नहीं बदलते-

Example:

Direct: He said, 'Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India."

Indirect: He said that Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India.

कुछ विशेष जानकारियाँ:–

(i) Must को प्रायः Had to में बदल देते हैं-

Example:

Direct : He said, "I must go."

Indirect: He said that he had to go..

(ii) यदि Must से किसी नियम का सिद्धान्त, स्थायी आदेश अथवा अनुमान का बोध हो तो इसे नहीं बदलते-

Examples:

(a) Direct: He said, "Students must respect their teachers."

Indirect: He said that students must respect their teachers.

(b) Direct: The policeman said, "Passengers must not cross the line."

Indirect: The policeman said that passengers must not cross the line.

Indirect : He said that he must leave the next day.

(iii) जब Reported Speech दशा (state) का बोध कराता हो तो Reporting Verb Past Tense होने पर भी Past Indefinite Tease नहीं बदलता-

Examples:

(a) Direct: Ram said, "He was ready"

Indirect : Ram said that he was ready.

(b) Direct: He said, "I lived many years in China."

Indirect: He said that he lived many years in China.

(iv) जब वाक्य में कई Simple Past Tense हो तो पहले को ही Past Perfect Tense में बदला जाता है शेष को नहीं-

Example:

Direct: He said, "I finished the novel two days ago. I then gave it to Ramesh who kept it for a long time."

Indirect: He said that he had finished the novel two days then he gave it to Ramesh, who kept it for a long time.

Change of person:–

Personal pronoun तीन प्रकार के व्यक्तियों के लिए प्रयोग किए जाते है —

The person who speaks(व्यक्ति जो बोलता है)	I , my ,me	First person
The person spoken to.(व्यक्ति जिससे बोला जाता है)	you, your, you	second person
The person spoken of.(व्यक्ति जिसके बारे में बोला जाता है)	He, his, him, she, her	third person

Personal pronoun की एक सूची दी गई है उसे Number तथा Gender का ध्यान रखते हुए देखे —

Personal pronoun

HTML Table Generator

person		subject (nominative case)	object (objective case)	possessive case	Emphatic or Reflexive pronoun
First person	singular	I	me	my,mine	myself
	plural	We	us	our, ours	ourselves
second person	singular	you	you	your, yours	yourself.
	plural	you	you	your , yours	yourselves.
third person	singular	He	him	his	himself
		she	her	her, hers	herself
		it	it	its	itself
	plural	they	them	their, theirs	themselves

👉 विशेष

• First मा Second Person – स्त्री तथा पुरुष के लिए समान राम ही योग होते हैं।

• Third Person में he, his him पुलिंग के लिए तथा she, her, hers स्वीलिंग के लिए प्रयोग किये जाते हैं।

● They them, their बहुवचन में पुलिंग या स्वीलिंग दोनों के लिए प्रयोग किये जाते हैं।

Person बदलने के नियम:–

👉 विशेष- केवल Reported Speech का Person बदलता है Reporting Verb का नहीं।

1. First Person बदलने के नियम— प्रथम पुरुष First Person के Pronoun को Reporting Verb के subject के Person, Number तथा Gender के अनुसार बदल दिया जाता है।

Example:

Direct: Sita said, "I have done my home work".

Indirect : Sita said that she had done her home work

Reporting Verb का Subject Sita है अतः Reporting, Speech में प्रयुक्त । तथा my को Sita के अनुसार Number तथा Gender में बदल दिया गया है। बदलने पर से She तथा My को Her Sita के अनुसार परिवर्तित किया गया है।

Example:

Direct: I said, "I write a letter to my father."

Indirect: I said that I wrote a letter to my father.

इस उदाहरण में Reporting Verb तथा Reported Speech दोनों में Person-First Person मैं ही है, इसलिए परिवर्तन नहीं किया गया।

Example:

Direct: You said, "I write a letter to my father."

Indirect: You said that you wrote a letter to your father

Reporting Verb तथा Reported Speech दोनों में Person-First Person में ही है इसलिए परिवर्तन नहीं किया गया।

Example:

Direct: You said, "I write a letter to my father."

Indirect: You said that you wrote a letter to your father.

इस उदाहरण मे Reporting Verb का कर्ता you Second Person में है इसलिए Reported Speech का I तथा my–you के अनुसार you तथा your में बदल दिया गया है।

Example:

Direct: They said, "We write a letter to our father. "

Indirect: They said that they wrote a letter to their father.

इस उदाहरण में Reported Speech के Person-we तथा our हैं, जो First Person बहुवचन में है। Reporting Vesh के कर्ता they के अनुसार बदल कर they तथा their बनाया गया है।

2. Second Person बदलने के नियम:- Second Persons के Pronouns जो Reported Speech में आते हैं से Reporting Verb के Object के Person, Number व Gender के अनुसार बदला जाता है।

Example :

Direct : He said to him, "You write a letter to your father. "

Indirect: He told him that he wrote a letter to his father.

इस उदाहरण में Reported Speech में you तथा your-Second Person में है जो Reporting Verb के | Chiyet in Third Person में बदल दिये गये हैं। you को he तथा your को him के अनुसार है

Example: .

Direct: He said to them. "You are happy." Indirect: He told them that they were happy.

इस उदाहरण में you को them के अनुसार they में बदला गया है।

Example:

Direct : He said to you. "You are happy" Indirect: He told you that you were happy.

इस उदाहरण में you को नहीं बदला गया है क्योंकि Reporting Vesh वा Object भी Second Person अति you है। दोनों एक ही Person में हैं।

Example

Direct : He said to her. "You are happy" Indirect : He told her that she was happy.

इस उदाहरण में Person में है। you को she में बदल गया है, क्योंकि Reporting Verb का Object her स्त्रीलिंग Third person में हैं।

Example:

Direct: He said to me. "You are happy. Indirect: He told me that I was happy.

इस उदाहरण में your को में बदला गया है, क्योंकि Reporting Verb का Object me-First Person में है।

3.Third Person बदलने के नियम:- Third Person he, his him, she, her hers, they their, them ज्यों का त्यों बने रहते हैं। इनमें किसी भी प्रकार का परिवर्तन नहीं होता है। जैसे-

Example:

Direct : He said to her. "He is very happy."

Indirect: He told her that he was very happy.

👉 विशेष-

• यदि Reporting Verbs का Object दिया गया हो तो अपनी ओर से उसे third person मानकर indirect speech में परिर्वतन करें,

जैसे:–

Direct: He said, "You are a student."

Indirect: He said (to him) that he was a student.

• यदि we का प्रयोग मानवमात्र के लिए किया गया हो,

जैसे:–

Direct: He said, "We must all die"

Indirect: He said that we must all die.

● person के बदलने पर उसका Number तथा Case वही रहता है,

जैसे:–

Direct: He said, "I am going to my house Indirect: He said that he was going to his house.

संक्षेप में Person बदलने का सूत्र है-

First Person –Subject के अनुसार— S

Second Person– Object के अनुसार— O

Third Person— No change— N

इसे इस प्रकार भी समझ सकते हैं-

1 2 3

S O N

यहाँ 1 (एक) का तात्पर्य First Person से, 2 (दो) का तात्पर्य Second Person से 3 (तीन) का तात्पर्य Third person से है।

नोट- 'SON' का सूत्र Person बदलने में सहायक है।

Change of offer parts of speech ( निकटता को दूरी में बदलने वाले शब्द):–

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Now	then
just	then
today	that day
to night	that night
this	that
these	those
here	there
hence	thence
come	go
tomorrow 1	the next day
yesterday	the previous day
Last night	the previous night
ago	before
Last week	the previous week

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Direct and Indirect Narration